Drug Addiction Treatment Methods

Here's a good article from the nida.nih.gov website that covers the basics of drug addiction treatment really well so I think it makes a good read. Enjoy.

Drug addiction is a complex but treatable Disease. It is characterized by compulsive drug craving, seeking, and use that persist even in the face of severe adverse consequences. For many people, drug abuse becomes chronic, with relapses possible even after long periods of abstinence.

In fact, relapse to drug abuse occurs at rates similar to those for other well-characterized, chronic medical illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma. As a chronic, recurring illness, addiction may require repeated episodes of treatment before sustained abstinence is achieved.

Through treatment tailored to individual needs, people with drug addiction can recover and lead productive lives. The ultimate goal of drug Addiction Treatment is to enable an individual to achieve lasting abstinence, but the immediate goals are to reduce drug abuse, improve the patient's ability to function, and minimize the medical and social complications of drug abuse and addiction.

Like people with diabetes or heart disease, people in Treatment For Drug Addiction will also need to change their behavior to adopt a healthier lifestyle.

Basis for Effective Treatment

Scientific research since the mid-1970s shows that treatment can help many people change destructive behaviors, avoid relapse, and successfully remove themselves from a life of substance abuse and addiction. Recovery From Drug Addiction is a long-term process and frequently requires multiple episodes of treatment.

Based on this research, key principles have been identified that should form the basis of any effective treatment program:

• No single treatment is appropriate for all individuals
• Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not just his or her drug addiction
• An individual’s treatment and services plan must be assessed often and modified to meet the person’s changing needs
• Remaining in treatment for an adequate period of time is critical for treatment effectiveness
• Counseling and other behavioral therapies are critical components of virtually all effective treatments for addiction
• For certain types of disorders, medications are an important element of treatment, especially when combined with counseling and other behavioral therapies
• Addicted or drug-abusing individuals with coexisting mental disorders should have both disorders treated in an integrated way
• Medical management of Drug Addiction Withdrawal syndrome is only the first stage of treatment and by itself does little to change long-term drug use
• Treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective
• Possible drug use during treatment must be monitored continuously
• Treatment or Rehab Programs should provide assessment for HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases, and should provide counseling to help patients modify or change behaviors that place themselves or others at risk of infection
• As is the case with other chronic, relapsing diseases, recovery from drug addiction can be a long-term process and typically requires multiple episodes of treatment, including "booster" sessions and other forms of continuing care

Drug Treatment Approaches

Medication and behavioral therapy, alone or in combination, are aspects of an overall therapeutic process that often begins with detoxification, followed by treatment and Relapse Prevention. Easing withdrawal symptoms can be important in the initiation of treatment; preventing relapse is necessary for maintaining its effects.

And sometimes, as with other chronic conditions, episodes of relapse may require a return to prior treatment components. A continuum of care that includes a customized treatment regimen, addressing all aspects of an individual's life, including medical and mental health services, and follow up options (e.g., community- or family-based recovery support systems) can be crucial to a person’s success in achieving and maintaining a drug-free lifestyle.

Medications can be used to help with different aspects of the treatment process:

Withdrawal: Medications offer help in suppressing withdrawal symptoms during detoxification. However, medically assisted withdrawal is not in itself "treatment" — it is only the first step in the treatment process. Patients who go through medically assisted withdrawal but do not receive any further treatment show drug abuse patterns similar to those who were never treated.

Treatment: Medications can be used to help re-establish normal brain function and to prevent relapse and diminish cravings throughout the treatment process. Currently, we have medications for opioid (heroin, morphine) and tobacco (nicotine) addiction, and are developing others for treating stimulant (cocaine, methamphetamine) and cannabis (marijuana) addiction.

Methadone and buprenorphine, for example, are effective medications for the treatment of opiate addiction. Acting on the same targets in the brain as heroin and morphine, these medications suppress withdrawal symptoms, and relieve craving for the drug. This helps patients to disengage from drug-seeking and related criminal behavior and be more receptive to behavioral treatments.

Buprenorphine: This is a relatively new and important treatment medication. NIDA-supported basic and clinical research led to its development (Subutex or, in combination with naloxone, Suboxone), and demonstrated it to be a safe and acceptable addiction treatment. While these products were being developed in concert with industry partners, Congress passed the Drug Addiction Treatment Act (DATA 2000), permitting qualified physicians to prescribe narcotic medications (Schedules III to V) for the treatment of opioid addiction.

This legislation created a major paradigm shift by allowing access to opiate treatment in a medical setting rather than limiting it to specialized drug treatment clinics. To date, nearly 10,000 physicians have taken the training needed to prescribe these two medications, and nearly 7,000 have registered as potential providers.

Behavioral Treatments help patients engage in the Drug Treatment process, modify their attitudes and behaviors related to drug abuse, and increase healthy life skills. Behavioral treatments can also enhance the effectiveness of medications and help people stay in treatment longer.

Outpatient behavioral treatment encompasses a wide variety of programs for patients who visit a clinic or Rehab at regular intervals. Most of the programs involve individual or group drug counseling. Some programs also offer other forms of behavioral treatment such as:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which seeks to help patients recognize, avoid, and cope with the situations in which they are most likely to abuse drugs
• Multidimensional Family Therapy, which addresses a range of influences on the drug abuse patterns of adolescents and is designed for them and their families
• Motivational Interviewing, which capitalizes on the readiness of individuals to change their behavior and enter treatment
• Motivational Incentives (contingency management), which uses positive reinforcement to encourage abstinence from drugs

Residential Drug Rehab Programs can also be very effective, especially for those with more severe problems. For example, therapeutic communities (TCs) are highly structured programs in which patients remain at a residence, typically for 6 to 12 months.

Patients in TCs may include those with relatively long histories of drug addiction, involvement in serious criminal activities, and seriously impaired social functioning. TCs are now also being designed to accommodate the needs of women who are pregnant or have children. The focus of the TC is on the re-socialization of the patient to a drug-free, crime-free lifestyle.

Treatment Within the Criminal Justice System can succeed in preventing an offender's return to criminal behavior, particularly when treatment continues as the person transitions back into the community. Studies show that treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective. Research suggests that treatment can cut drug abuse in half, drastically decrease criminal activity, and significantly reduce arrests.